History

The historical record of Afghanistan: empires and dynasties that rose on its soil, the wars fought over it, and the making of the modern state.

• Battle of Jamrud — 1837 military confrontation between Afghan and Sikh forces over control of the Khyber Pass.
• Battle of Kandahar (1880) — Roberts' march from Kabul and the last battle of the Second Anglo-Afghan War
• Battle of Maiwand — Ayub Khan's victory over Burrows' brigade — Britain's worst field defeat in Afghanistan
• Battle of Peiwar Kotal — Roberts' opening victory in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, December 1878
• Durrani Empire — The Afghan empire founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, spanning parts of Central Asia and the Iranian plateau.
• Neolithic ancestry in South Asia — a Neolithic paternal lineage from West Asia that predates the Steppe migrations
• Panjdeh Incident — An 1885 armed engagement and diplomatic crisis between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire over the Panjdeh oasis.
• Sample Entry
• Saur Revolution — The April 1978 Marxist coup that overthrew President Daud and ignited decades of war.
• Second Anglo-Afghan War — the 1878–1880 conflict that shaped Afghan foreign policy for four decades
• Siege of the Kabul Residency — Eight-day standoff in September 1879 that ended in the massacre of the British envoy and his escort.
• Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment — December 1879 battle where British forces repelled Afghan attackers during the Second Anglo-Afghan War
• Steppe ancestry in South Asia — how Bronze Age pastoralists from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe reshaped the genetics of the subcontinent
• Treaty of Gandamak — 1879 agreement ending the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War