Women's Rights in Afghanistan

Historical Context and Early Struggles

During this period, the roles and behaviors of women were frequently debated by rulers and ethnic groups.^[3][4]EnglishDuring this period, the roles and behaviors of women were frequently debated by rulers and ethnic groups.پښتود دې دورې په جریان کې، د میرمنو رول او چلند په مکرر ډول د واکمنو او توکمیزو ډلو لخوا بحث شوی و.دریدر این دوره، نقش ها و رفتارهای زنان اغلب توسط حاکمان و گروه های قومی مورد بحث قرار می گرفت. Progress was often slow and met with significant obstacles.^[5]EnglishProgress was often slow and met with significant obstacles.پښتوپرمختګ اکثرا ورو و او د پام وړ خنډونو سره مخ شو.دریپیشرفت اغلب آهسته بود و با موانع قابل توجهی روبرو می شد.

The 1964 Constitution and Modernization

The 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan marked a significant turning point by providing women with official equal rights.^[6][17]EnglishThe 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan marked a significant turning point by providing women with official equal rights.پښتوافغانستان د ۱۹۶۴ کال اساسي قانون د ښځو سره د رسمي مساوي حقونو په ورکولو سره د پام وړ بدلون په نښه کړ.دریقانون اساسی افغانستان در سال ۱۹۶۴ یک نقطه عطف مهم را با فراهم کردن حقوق مساوی رسمی برای زنان نشان داد. However, these rights were later undermined during the period of internal conflict and the rise of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) in the 1990s.^[6]EnglishHowever, these rights were later undermined during the period of internal conflict and the rise of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) in the 1990s.پښتوپه هرصورت، دا حقونه وروسته د داخلي شخړې په دوره کې او په ۱۹۹۰s کې د افغانستان اسلامي امارت (۱۹۹۶ ۲۰۰۱) لوړېدو په جریان کې زیانمن شوي.دریبا این حال، این حقوق بعداً در دوره جنگ داخلی و افزایش امارت اسلامی افغانستان (۱۹۹۶ تا ۲۰۰۱) در دهه ۱۹۹۰ تضعیف شد.

Taliban Rule (1996–2001)

During the first period of Taliban rule from 1996 to 2001, the country experienced a systematic repression of women's rights.^[1][7]EnglishDuring the first period of Taliban rule from 1996 to 2001, the country experienced a systematic repression of women's rights.پښتود ۱۹۹۶ څخه تر ۲۰۰۱ پورې د طالبانو ډله واکمنۍ په لومړۍ دوره کې، هیواد د ښځو حقونو سیستماتیک ځپنه تجربه کړه.دریدر اولین دوره حکومت طالبان از سال ۱۹۹۶ تا ۲۰۰۱، این کشور یک سرکوب سیستماتیک حقوق زنان را تجربه کرد. This era was defined by the institutionalization of discrimination against women and girls.^[8]EnglishThis era was defined by the institutionalization of discrimination against women and girls.پښتودا دوره د ښځو او نجونو په وړاندې د تبعیض د ادارې کولو لخوا تعریف شوې.دریاین دوره با نهادینه سازی تبعیض علیه زنان و دختران تعریف شد.

Democracy and Civil Society (2001–2021)

Following the 2001 takeover, a period of civil society growth and advocacy emerged.^[2][9]EnglishFollowing the 2001 takeover, a period of civil society growth and advocacy emerged.پښتود ۲۰۰۱ د قبضې وروسته، د مدني ټولنې د ودې او مدافعې دوره راپورته شوه.دریبعد از تصاحب قدرت در سال ۲۰۰۱، دوره ای از رشد و حمایت جامعه مدنی ظهور کرد. During this time, women and girls participated in education and public life, though they continued to face challenges.^[9][16]EnglishDuring this time, women and girls participated in education and public life, though they continued to face challenges.پښتوپه دې وخت کې، ښځو او نجونو په تعلیم او عامه ژوند کې برخه واخیسته، که څه هم دوی د ننګونو سره مخامخ و.دریدر این زمان، زنان و دختران در آموزش و زندگی عمومی شرکت می کردند، اگرچه آنها همچنان با چالش ها روبرو بودند. Civil society organizations and activists worked to advocate for the rights of women and girls through creative and hopeful efforts.^[10]EnglishCivil society organizations and activists worked to advocate for the rights of women and girls through creative and hopeful efforts.پښتود مدني ټولنې سازمانونو او فعالانو د تخلیقي او امید لرونکو هڅو له لارې د ښځو او نجونو د حقونو د دفاع لپاره کار وکړ.دریسازمان های جامعه مدنی و فعالان برای دفاع از حقوق زنان و دختران از طریق تلاش های خلاقانه و امیدوار کننده کار کردند.

Current Restrictions and Gender Apartheid

Since the Taliban returned to power in August 2021, Afghanistan has been described by the United Nations as the world's most repressive country for women.^[9][11][12]EnglishSince the Taliban returned to power in August 2021, Afghanistan has been described by the United Nations as the world's most repressive country for women.پښتوله هغه وخته چې طالبانو ډله په اګست ۲۰۲۱ کې واک ته راستون شو، افغانستان د ملګرو ملتونو لخوا د ښځو لپاره د نړۍ ترټولو ظالم هیواد په توګه تشریح شوی.دریاز زمانی که گروه طالبان در اوت ۲۰۲۱ به قدرت بازگشت، افغانستان توسط سازمان ملل متحد به عنوان سرکوب کننده ترین کشور جهان برای زنان توصیف شده است. The de facto authorities have issued more than 100 decrees that strip women and girls of their rights.^[8][13][14]EnglishThe de facto authorities have issued more than 100 decrees that strip women and girls of their rights.پښتوپه حقیقت کې چارواکو له ۱۰۰ څخه ډیر فرمانونه صادر کړي چې ښځې او انجونې یې له خپلو حقونو څخه بې برخې کوي.دریمقامات واقعی بیش از ۱۰۰ فرمان صادر کرده اند که زنان و دختران را از حقوق شان محروم می کند.

12** removes legal equality between men and women, placing husbands in a position of legal authority and limiting women's access to justice.^[8][18][19]

• Decree No. 18 makes it significantly harder for women to leave a marriage while maintaining the unilateral right of men to divorce.^[8]
• Child Marriage: Decree No. 18 also implicitly permits child marriage.^[8]

These restrictions are enforced under the Law for the Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice (PVPV), which grants officials broad powers of detention and surveillance.^[8][20] The current situation is characterized by a systematic persecution of women and girls that has normalized a state of "gender apartheid."^[9][15] Women are currently denied the right to an education, including training for midwifery.^[12] This systematic oppression affects every aspect of women's lives, including their freedom of movement, dress codes, and protection from violence.^[8][10]

Sources

1. Unveiled: A History of Afghan Women's Rights | UN Photo
2. The Rise and Fall of Women Rights in Afghanistan | LSE Public Policy Review
3. A brief history of Afghan women's rights
4. د اسلام له نظره : په افغاني ټولنه کې د ښځو حقوق / مؤلف محمد ګلاب بشار ...
5. فراز و نشیب‌ زندگی زنان افغانستان در صد سال گذشته - رادیو آزادی
6. ښځې په افغانستان کې - ويکيپېډيا
7. Women in Afghanistan: The Back Story | Amnesty International UK
8. FAQs: What it’s like to be a woman in Afghanistan today | UN Women – Headquarters
9. Five Years of Taliban Rule: The Normalization of Gender Apartheid and the International Community's Failure - Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security
10. 9 facts on women's rights in Afghanistan - Medica Mondiale
11. Women in Afghanistan - Wikipedia
12. Five questions on the status of women's and girls' rights in Afghanistan | School of Foreign Service | Georgetown
13. Five years after Taliban takeover, Afghan women ‘erased from public life’ | UN News
14. افغانستان کې بشري حقوق او بشردوستانه مرستې - VOA Editorials
15. د ښځو په حقوقو د طالبانو محدودیتونو د افغانستان کړکیچ نور هم وخیم کړ | International Crisis Group
16. Women and girls | Right to Education Initiative
17. WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION OF AFGHANISTAN1 by: Mariam A. Nawabi2
18. UN Women Afghanistan statement on Decree No. 12 issued by the de facto authorities | UN Women – Asia-Pacific
19. UN Women Afghanistan statement on Decree No. 12 issued by the de facto authorities | UN Women – Headquarters
20. The Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice Law, translated into English - Afghanistan Analysts Network - English